World Civilization

The few millennia in which we have been civilized are but a tiny fraction of the long span of human existence. Homo Sapiens-Modern humans- are believed to have appeared about 100,000 years ago. It took us tens of thousands of years to domesticate animals and to master the rudiments of agriculture. It took us another 7,000-9,000 years to develop cities, systems of writing, then bronze and iron. Several hundread years later the great religious and philosophical revolutions of the ancient world occurred.

Egyptian Civilization

It is one of the world's longest continuous civilization. In 300 BC Upper and Lower Egypt were  united, beginning a period of cultural glory and native rulers that lasted nearly 3,000 years. Historians have divided the history of Egypt into the old, Middle and New Kingdoms, spanning 31 dynasties and lasting to 322 BC. The highlight of the old kingdom was building of the pyramids of Giza. The Middle Kingdom saw Egypt develop into a great power. Massive temples and tombs, such as Tutenkhamun's were built during the New Kingdom. 

Another classification is the pyramid age  (3400-2500 BC), the Feudal Age (about 1800 B.C), the New Empire (about 1150 BC). In the fourth and third millennium, the pharaohs held supreme power. The Egyptian studied nature with great care. They were aware of five planets. They divided the day-night cycle into twelve. They also developed a system of writing called hieroglyphics. 

Mesopotamian Civilization

Mesopotamia was the ancient region between Tigris and Euphrates in South west Asia, roughly corresponding to modern Iraq. It was the site of one of the earliest human civilizations, resulting from the development of irrigation in the 6th millennium BC and the extreme fertility of the irrigated land. 

Sumerians settled in the lower parts of Tigris and Euphrates valley between 5000 and 4000 BC. It's seats was the city of Mesopotamia, founded by the Sumerians. Babylonia gained supremacy in the 18th century BC was followed by others, notably the Assyrians. Later ruled by the Persians, Greek and Romans, Mesopotamia gradually lost its distinctive cultural traditions. Mesopotamia bears the stamp of clay as does no other civilization, and nowhere in the world but in Mesopotamia and the regions over which its influence was diffused was clay used as the vehicle for writing. They also created mythological and historical epics like the famous "Creation" and "Fool Epics". The most impressive work of the Babylonians is the "Epic of Gilgamesh " containing there main myths.

 

Chinese Civilization

The first documented dynasty was the Shang (c.1523-c. 1020 BC), when bronze casting was perfected. The Zhou dynasty (c. 1030-221BC) was the age of Chinese Classical Literature, in particular Confucian and Lao Tzu. China was unified by Qin Shihuangdi, whose tomb near Xian contains the famous terracotta army. The majority of the great wall was by built the Qin dynasty (221-206 BC). The Han Dynasty established in 206BC and ruled until AD 220. The Han Dynasty developed the empire, a bureaucracy based on Confucianism, and also introduced Buddhism. China then split into three kingdoms (Wei, Shu and Wu). T'ang dynasty (618-907) was a golden era of artistic achievement, especially in poetry and fine art. Genghis Khan conquered most of China in the 1210s and established the Mongol Empire kubla Khan founded the Yuan dynasty(1271-1368), a period of dialogue with Europe. The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) reestablished Chinese rule and is famed for its fine porcelain. The Manchu Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) began by vastly extending the empire. 

Indus Valley Civilization

It is the most extensive of the world's three earliest civilization. It stretches from near the present day Iran-Pakistan border on the Arabian Sea in the west to near Delhi in the east, and 800km to south and 1600 km to the northeast . The civilisation included two large cities, Harappa and Mohenjo Daro. It was a literate Civilization. Wheat and barley were grown bt the Indus people. They also domesticated many animals like cats, dogs and cattle. The best known artifacts are seals depicting real and imaginary animals. It is unclear how and when the civilization came to an end. 

Vedic Civilization

Our knowledge of Vedic civilization is solely dependent on literary words. There are four Vedas - Rigveda, Yajur Veda, Sam Veda and Atharva Veda. The Veda or sruti is the basis of the Aryan religion. 

The original home of the Aryans is controversial. During the Rig Vedic period the Aryan were concentrated in the Punjab region. The Aryans of the Vedic Period didn't expand beyond the Yamuna in the east. 

The Aryans worshipped nature. The Hindu initiation ceremony, Upanayan, is believed to be a direct survivor of Vedic tradition.

Greek Civilization 

The earliest urban soceity in Greece was the palace-centered Minonan civilization. It reached its height on Crete c. 2000BC. It was succeeded by the mainland Mycenaen civilization, which arose c. 1600BC following a wave of Indo-European invasions. A second wave of invasions in c. 1200BC, destroyed the Bronze  Age cultures, paving the way for a dark age Classical Greece began to emerge (c.750BC) as a collection of independent city-states including Sparta and Athens. 

The civilization reached its heights, after repelling the Persians at the beginning of the 5th century BC and began to decline after the civil strife of the Peloponnesian war. The Greek city-states were taken over by Philip II of Macedon in 388 BC. Greek culture was spread by Philip's son Alexander the Great throughout his empire. In the 2nd century Bc, the Romans conquered Greek city states. 

The Greeks were the first political scientists and democrates in the world. Greece occupies a great place in the history of World Civilization. The outstanding philosophers like Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were the products of this civilization. The Greeks also built many temples. Homer's 'IIiad' and 'The Odyssey' are also Greece's great gifts to the world. 

Roman Civilization

Rome is situated on the river Tiber in Italy. Etruscan traders occupied this city and made it the largest and most important cities of central Italy. Between 338 and 169 B.C., the Romans dominated the Mediterranean world. Between 167 B.C and 14 A.D much of the land was conquered, the republic was brought to an end and the Roman Empire was established. The rise of Casear is a remarkable event in the Roman history. After Casear, Octavian brought the republic to an end. 

The ancient Romans worshipped their family deities. Galen, a physician, completed an encyclopaedia of medicine. Caesarian Operation, first tried at the birth of Caesar became popular . In the fourth century after Christ, Theodosius made Christianity the religion of the state.